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بررسی سنگ های ادراری

بررسی سنگ های ادراریدسته: علوم پزشکی
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بررسی سنگ های ادراری

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بررسی سنگ های ادراری

فهرست

چکیده

تاریخچه                                                                                                                          4

مقدمه                                                                                                                           6

فصل اول

کلیه- نمای ظاهری                                                                                                        10

کلیه- بافت شناسی                                                                                                           12

کلیه- خونرسانی                                                                                                            13

کالیس ها،لگنچه، حالب ها-آناتومی                                                                                         14

کالیس ها،لگنچه، حالب ها-ارتباطات                                                                                        14

کالیس ها،لگنچه، حالب ها-بافت شناسی                                                                                   16

کالیس ها،لگنچه، حالب ها-خونرسانی                                                                                      16

مثانه- نمای ظاهری                                                                                                                  17

مثانه- بافت شناسی                                                                                                                   18

مثانه- خونرسانی                                                                                                                      18

کارکرد های کلیه                                                                                                                      19

تشکیل ادرار                                                                                                                            19

پالایش گلومرولی                                                                                                                     20

بازجذب توبولی و ترشح توبولی                                                                                                      21

دفع فرآورده های زائد                                                                                                                 21

تنظیم دفع الکترولیت                                                                                                                 21

تنظیم دفع اسید                                                                                                                        22

تنظیم دفع آب                                                                                                                         23

اسمولالیته                                                                                                                              23

چگالی ویژه ادرار                                                                                                                      24

هورمون ضد ادراری                                                                                                                  24

خود تنظیمی فشار خون………                                                                                               25

پاک سازی کلیوی                                                                                                                    25

سایر کارکرد های کلیه                                                                                                               26

کارکردهای حالب ،مثانه و پیشابراه                                                                                                  27

ذخیره ادرار                                                                                                                             27

دفع ادرار                                                                                                                                27

کنترل عضله                                                                                                                           27

کنترل عصبی                                                                                                                          28

درد                                                                                                                                      28

مشخات درد های ادراری                                                                                                            28

تغییرات در دفع ادرار                                                                                                                  29

نشانه های گوارشی                                                                                                                   29

معاینه فیزیکی                                                                                                                         29

برخی عوامل خطرزای اختلالات کلیوی یا ادراری                                                                              30

علایم انسداد دهانه خروجی مثانه                                                                                                  30

ادرار خونی                                                                                                                              30

بررسی آزمایشگاهی ادرار                                                                                                            32

بررسی ماکروسکوپی                                                                                                                  32

سایر تست های ادراری                                                                                                              33

تست های عملکرد کلیه                                                                                                             33

اورولیتیاز                                                                                                                                34

پاتوفیزیولوژی                                                                                                                          34

تظاهرات بالینی                                                                                                                        35

بررسی و یافته های تشخیصی                                                                                                     35

فصل دوم

سنگ های کلیوی و حالب                                                                                                          38

اتیولوژی                                                                                                                                38

تظاهرات سنگ ها                                                                                                                    40

عبور سنگ ها                                                                                                                         40

سایر سندروم ها                                                                                                                       41

فعالیت بیماری سنگ کلیه                                                                                                          41

پاتوژنز سنگ ها                                                                                                                       42

حالت فوق اشباع                                                                                                                      42

هسته سازی                                                                                                                           43

مهار کننده های تشکیل کریستال ها                                                                                             44

یون های ادراری                                                                                                                      45

انواع سنگ های کلسیمی                                                                                                           49

 نفرولیتیازیس هیپرکلسیوریک جذبی                                                                                             50

  نفرولیتیازیس هیپر کلسیوریک باز جذبی                                                                                         51

نفرولیتیازیس هیپرکلسیوریک کلیوی                                                                                               52

نفرولیتازیس کلسیمی هیپراوریکوزوریک                                                                                           52

نفرولیتازیس کلسیمی هیپراگزالوریک                                                                                               52

نفرولیتیاز یس کلسیمی هیپواسیتر اتوریک                                                                                         54

سنگ های غیر کلسیمی                                                                                                              54

استرووایت                                                                                                                              54

 اسید اوریکی                                                                                                                          55

سیستین                                                                                                                                56

گزانتین                                                                                                                                 57

  سنگ های ایندیناویر                                                                                                              58

نادر                                                                                                                                      58

جدول2-1                                                                                                                             59

علایم ونشانه ها                                                                                                                      61

درد:                                                                                                                                     61

درد کولیکی کلیه ودرد غیر کولیکی کلیه                                                                                           61

1-کالیس کلیه                                                                                                                        62

2-  لگنچه کلیه                                                                                                                      62

3- حالب فوقانی و میانی                                                                                                           65

4- حالب دیستال                                                                                                                     65

هماچوری(هماتوری)                                                                                                                 66

عفونت                                                                                                                                  66

تب همراه                                                                                                                              67

تهوع و استفراغ                                                                                                                       67

وضعیتهای ویژه                                                                                                                       68

 پیوند کلیه                                                                                                                             68

حاملگی                                                                                                                                68

دیس مورفی                                                                                                                           68

چاقی                                                                                                                                   69

کلیه با مدولای اسفنجی                                                                                                            69

اسیدوزتوبولی کلیوی                                                                                                                 69

تومورهای همراه                                                                                                                     70

کودکان                                                                                                                                71

بررسی                                                                                                                                 72

تشخیص افتراقی                                                                                                                     72

تاریخچه                                                                                                                               72

فاکتورهای خطرزا                                                                                                                    72

معاینه فیزیکی                                                                                                                        73

بررسی های رادیولوژیک                                                                                                           74

مداخله درمانی                                                                                                                        76

الف)تحت نظر گرفتن محافظه کارانه:                                                                                              76

ب) مواد حل کننده:                                                                                                                   76

ج) برطرف کردن ( رفع) انسداد:                                                                                                   76

د) سنگ شکنی با امواج ضربه ای از خارج بدنESWL:                                                                     77

ر)نفرولیتوتومی از طریق پوست:                                                                                                     77

و) جراحی باز سنگ:                                                                                                                   77

ز) سایر روش ها:                                                                                                                      78

پیشگیری                                                                                                                               83

الف) بررسی متابولیک:                                                                                                               83

ب) در مان های خوراکی:                                                                                                            84

سنگ های مثانه:                                                                                                                      88

سنگ های پروستات و کیسه های منوی:                                                                                        89

سنگ های مجرای ادراری:                                                                                                          89

فصل سوم

درمان                                                                                                                                    91

اهداف اصلی درمان :                                                                                                                 91

درمان سنگ های کلیوی                                                                                                            92

سنگ های کلسیمی:                                                                                                                 92

درمان سنگ های کلسیمی هیپراوریکوزوری                                                                                    92

درمان هیپرکلسیوریک بازجذبی(هیپرپارائیدیسم اولیه)                                                                          93

 درمان  هیپرکلسیوری کلیوی                                                                                                      93

درمان هیپراگزالوری                                                                                                                  93

درمان هیپوسیتراتوری:                                                                                                               94

درمان سنگ سازی کلسیمی اید یو پاتیک                                                                                       94

درمان سنگ های استرووایت                                                                                                       94

درمان سنگ های اسید اوریکی :                                                                                                   95

در مان سنگ های سیستینی                                                                                                        96

درمان سنگهای گزانیتنی:                                                                                                            97

درمان سنگ های ایندینا ویر:                                                                                                       97

درمان سنگ های سیلیکاتی:                                                                                                        97

درمان سنگ های تریامترنی:                                                                                                       97

روش های جدید                                                                                                                       97

شکستن سنگ ازطریق خارج بدنی                                                                                                 97

-لیتوترپسی ماوراءصوتی ازطریق پوست                                                                                          98

شکستن سنگ به وسیلهUreterdscope                                                                                     98

-اثرعسل بربیماری های کلیوی                                                                                                    98

توصیه های غذائی برای پیشگیری ازسنگ های کلیوی:                                                                      99

فصل چهارم

ارائه تحقیق در مورد سنگ های کلیوی                                                                                          101

نمودارها                                                                                                                               102

نتیجه گیری                                                                                                                          109

اصطلاحات و واژه ها:                                                                                                               111

منابع ومآخذ                                                                                                                           113

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